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Upon completing Module 5, students will be able to:

• Understand the pathophysiological mechanisms by which cirrhosis predisposes patients to bacterial and fungal infections.
• Identify the main types of infections and their clinical impact in decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).
• Recognize the prevalence and prognostic impact of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
• Understand the importance of local and regional epidemiology in guiding empirical antibiotic strategies tailored to resistance patterns in each healthcare setting, ensuring optimal initial coverage—particularly in critically ill patients with cirrhosis, where inadequate empirical therapy is associated with increased mortality.
• Evaluate infection prevention strategies based on epidemiological surveillance, including targeted antimicrobial therapy according to colonization status and resistance data, and measures such as routine rectal/nasal swabs, early de-escalation, and antibiotic stewardship programs, all aimed at reducing inappropriate antibiotic use and limiting the emergence and spread of MDROs.
• Identify the main risk factors for invasive fungal infections and their treatment options, particularly in critically ill patient.